Technological Breakthroughs


  1. 3.3 million years ago: The first tools, sharp flakes of stone used as knives and larger unshaped stones used as hammers and anvils, were likely used by an ancestor such as Australopithecus1.
  2. 1 million years ago: The control of fire by early humans, like Homo erectus, evidenced by burnt material in caves1.
  3. 20,000 to 15,000 years ago: The Neolithic Revolution, which included the transition from foraging to agriculture, the invention of pottery, bricks, woven fabrics, and the wheel1.
  4. 6000 BCE: The development of irrigation systems in Mesopotamia and Egypt1.
  5. 4000 BCE: The use of sailing ships on the Nile River1.
  6. 1200 BCE: The widespread production of iron, which supplanted bronze1.
  7. 850 CE: The invention of gunpowder by Chinese alchemists1.
  8. 950: The first windmills in Persia, which used the wind to operate mills1.
  9. 1440: Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press, which revolutionized the spread of knowledge2.
  10. 14th century: The compass, which greatly improved navigation and exploration2.
  11. 9th century: The inception of paper currency in China2.
  12. 1712: The steam engine, which played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution3.
  13. 1752: The discovery of electricity3.
  14. 1886: The invention of the automobile3.
  15. 1929: The development of particle accelerators3.
  16. 1938: The discovery of nuclear fission3.

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