Technological Breakthroughs
- 3.3 million years ago: The first tools, sharp flakes of stone used as knives and larger unshaped stones used as hammers and anvils, were likely used by an ancestor such as Australopithecus1.
- 1 million years ago: The control of fire by early humans, like Homo erectus, evidenced by burnt material in caves1.
- 20,000 to 15,000 years ago: The Neolithic Revolution, which included the transition from foraging to agriculture, the invention of pottery, bricks, woven fabrics, and the wheel1.
- 6000 BCE: The development of irrigation systems in Mesopotamia and Egypt1.
- 4000 BCE: The use of sailing ships on the Nile River1.
- 1200 BCE: The widespread production of iron, which supplanted bronze1.
- 850 CE: The invention of gunpowder by Chinese alchemists1.
- 950: The first windmills in Persia, which used the wind to operate mills1.
- 1440: Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press, which revolutionized the spread of knowledge2.
- 14th century: The compass, which greatly improved navigation and exploration2.
- 9th century: The inception of paper currency in China2.
- 1712: The steam engine, which played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution3.
- 1752: The discovery of electricity3.
- 1886: The invention of the automobile3.
- 1929: The development of particle accelerators3.
- 1938: The discovery of nuclear fission3.
- 1957: The launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, by the Soviet Union1.
- 1969: The Apollo 11 mission, which led to the first human landing on the Moon1.
- 1971: The invention of the microprocessor, which became the heart of modern computing1.
- 1983: The development of the Internet, revolutionizing communication and information sharing1.
- 1990: The launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, providing unprecedented views of the universe1.
- 2004: The creation of Facebook, leading to the rise of social media platforms1.
- 2007: The introduction of the iPhone, changing the landscape of mobile technology1.
- 2010: The debut of CRISPR, a revolutionary gene-editing technology1.
- 2016: The development of quantum computers, promising to solve complex problems faster than traditional computers1.
- 2020: The rapid development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines using mRNA technology1.
- 2021: The advancement in AI-powered scientific discovery, accelerating research in various fields2.
- 2022: The emergence of elastocalorics as a potential replacement for traditional refrigeration, reducing environmental impact2.
- 2023: The improvement of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), optimizing wireless communications and aiming for sustainability with the upcoming 6G technology2.
- 2024: The focus on carbon-capturing microbes, which could play a significant role in combating climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere2.
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